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Using a VPN is a terrific way to shield your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a back door to get beyond the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI needed to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a rear door or comparable hack is different, it will become a goal, a prize for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic disclosed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the bad guys can't get in either. .

Each of the products in this roundup explicitly state that they have no rear door, and that is as it should be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, then you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel these options.

One sort of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. Another creates a virtual disk that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the virtual drive, all the documents that you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Like the digital drive solution, a few products save your encrypted data in the cloud. This approach demands extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a far larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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That is better It actually depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial provided by each of those products to have a feel for the different options.

After you copy a document into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, then you absolutely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you bypass the Recycle Bin, because the data still exists on disk, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products avoid this problem by encrypting the document in location, literally overwriting it on disk Get the facts using an encrypted version. It is more common, however, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval functions since the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known data and reading around the borders of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is similar to a black box. Dump a document, image, or other document into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back through the box, with the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has settled on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as go to my blog a standard, and all of the products accumulated here service AES. Even those that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption expert, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the typical user, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them confidential, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can share it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you prefer. Another is personal, and needs to be closely guarded. If I want to send you a secret document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this system in reverse, you can create an electronic signature that shows that your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The fact your public key decrypts it's all of the proof you need. PKI service is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to talk about a document with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a free, decryption-only tool.